Attacks and malware quick points (201-300)

Format: concept, answer, example, or tool

Each row gives you a clean definition you can say in an interview, plus a concrete control, example, or tool.

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🦠 Malware Types (201–250)

Point & Concept	Interview Answer	Example / Tool
201. Malware	Umbrella term for software intentionally designed to damage, spy on, extort, disrupt, or provide unauthorized access.	Viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and spyware
202. Virus	Malware that attaches to a host file or program and spreads when that infected file is executed.	ILOVEYOU spreading after users opened infected attachments
203. Worm	Self-replicating malware that spreads automatically across systems or networks without direct user action.	WannaCry spreading through vulnerable SMB services using EternalBlue
204. Trojan Horse	Malware disguised as legitimate software to trick the user into installing or running it.	Zeus banking trojan posing as harmless software to steal credentials
205. Ransomware	Malware that encrypts data or locks systems and then demands payment or some concession.	REvil, LockBit, or WannaCry encrypting enterprise files
206. Spyware	Malware that secretly monitors users and collects sensitive information such as keystrokes, messages, or screenshots.	Pegasus surveillance activity on high-value mobile targets
207. Adware	Software that pushes unwanted advertising and may also track browsing behavior or redirect traffic.	Fireball hijacking browsers and injecting advertising content
208. Rootkit	Malware designed to hide malicious activity by manipulating the operating system or low-level components.	Sony BMG rootkit concealing files and processes on Windows systems
209. Keylogger	Malware or hardware that records keystrokes to steal passwords, messages, and other sensitive input.	Olympic Vision capturing typed credentials on compromised endpoints
210. Botnet	Group of compromised devices remotely controlled by an attacker for spam, DDoS, malware delivery, or fraud.	Mirai botnet launching large-scale DDoS attacks against Dyn
211. File Infector Virus	Virus that attaches to executable files and spreads when those infected programs are launched	CIH/Chernobyl infecting .exe files and activating when they ran
212. Boot Sector Virus	Virus that infects boot records so malicious code runs before the operating system starts.	Stoned virus infecting the master boot record on legacy systems
213. Macro Virus	Infects Office documents using embedded Visual Basic macros	Melissa virus spread via Word docs
214. Multipartite Virus	Virus able to infect both boot sectors and regular files, giving it multiple spread paths	Invader-style malware infecting startup media and executables
215. Polymorphic Virus	Mutates its code to avoid signature-based detection	Storm Worm — changed signature constantly
216. Metamorphic Virus	Virus that rewrites its own code on each generation so signatures are harder to match	Zmist using code transformation to evade static signatures
217. Resident Virus	Virus that stays loaded in memory and keeps infecting files or processes after execution	CMJ-style resident infection persisting in RAM after launch
218. Non-Resident Virus	Only active when infected file is opened	Simple file infectors
219. Direct Action Virus	Virus that infects files immediately when triggered but does not remain resident in memory	Vienna virus infecting additional executables only during runtime
220. Overwrite Virus	Overwrites file content making file unusable	Trivial family virus
221. Email Virus	Virus or malware family that spreads mainly through email attachments, links, or macro documents	ILOVEYOU or Melissa spreading through users' mailboxes
222. Network Worm	Self-replicating worm that spreads through network shares, vulnerable services, or open ports	Blaster scanning for exposed Windows RPC services
223. Internet Worm	Scans internet for vulnerable systems to infect	Morris Worm (1988) — first major internet worm
224. Mass Mailing Worm	Sends copies of itself to all contacts in address book	Mydoom — fastest-spreading email worm
225. SQL Worm	Exploits SQL Server vulnerabilities to spread	SQL Slammer (2003) — took down internet segments
226. Banking Trojan	Steals financial credentials and session data	Emotet, TrickBot, Dridex
227. RAT (Remote Access Trojan)	Trojan that gives the attacker remote interactive control of the victim system	DarkComet or njRAT for screen control, file access, and command execution
228. Backdoor Trojan	Creates hidden entry point for future attacker access	Back Orifice, Gh0st RAT
229. Fake Antivirus Trojan	Trojan that pretends to be security software while actually installing malware or extorting the user.	Fake pop-up claiming "Your computer is infected" to push scareware
230. Downloader Trojan	Downloads and installs other malware after initial infection	Emotet (downloads TrickBot)
231. Locker Ransomware	Ransomware that locks the device or screen rather than encrypting all files.	WinLocker blocking access to the desktop until payment is demanded
232. Crypto Ransomware	Encrypts files and demands crypto payment for key	WannaCry, REvil, LockBit
233. Double Extortion	Encrypts AND threatens to leak data publicly	Maze ransomware (2019) pioneered this
234. Mobile Ransomware	Ransomware aimed at phones or tablets, often locking the device or threatening to leak data	LeakerLocker targeting Android users with extortion
235. Ransomware as a Service	Ransomware kit sold to affiliates via dark web	REvil, DarkSide RaaS models
236. Tracking Spyware	Spyware that silently records location, messages, calls, or other personal activity	Pegasus surveillance activity on high-value mobile targets
237. Password Stealing Spyware	Spyware focused on capturing credentials, browser data, or form submissions	FormBook or Agent Tesla stealing saved passwords and typed logins
238. Ad Injecting Spyware	Spyware that modifies browser traffic or pages to insert ads and track user behavior	Superfish injecting ads into web-browsing sessions
239. Kernel Rootkit	Rootkit operating in kernel space, making it highly privileged and difficult to detect or remove	Necurs hiding malicious processes and drivers at the kernel level
240. User Mode Rootkit	Rootkit running in user space that hides files, processes, or registry entries without kernel-level control	ZeroAccess-style hiding through user-mode hooks
241. Hardware Keylogger	Physical device placed between keyboard and computer to record keystrokes outside the operating system	KeyGrabber USB collecting typed passwords from a workstation
242. Software Keylogger	Program that records keystrokes without hardware	Actual Keylogger, Spyrix
243. Botnet C2	Command and Control server that issues commands to bots	Attacker sends "encrypt all files" to 10,000 bots
244. Zombie Computer	Compromised device remotely controlled as part of a botnet or coordinated attack	Infected home PC used in spam or DDoS campaigns without the owner's knowledge
245. Drive-by Download	Malware downloaded automatically by visiting a webpage	Malvertising on legitimate news sites
246. Malicious Attachment	File weaponized to deliver malware when the recipient opens, previews, or enables content	ZIP, ISO, or macro-enabled document dropping a payload
247. Malicious Link	URL that leads to malware download or phishing page	Shortened URL hiding malicious redirect
248. Fake Software Update	Malware disguised as a legitimate update prompt	"Update your Flash Player" popups
249. Watering Hole	Attacker infects websites the target frequently visits	APT groups infecting industry forums
250. Supply Chain Attack	Compromising software or hardware before it reaches victim	SolarWinds ORION backdoor (2020)

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🎭 Social Engineering (251–270)

Point & Concept	Interview Answer	Example / Tool
251. Social Engineering	Manipulating humans psychologically to reveal info or grant access	"Call from IT support asking for password"
252. Phishing	Mass email campaign impersonating trusted brands	GoPhish tool for testing
253. Spear Phishing	Targeted phishing using personal details about victim	Attacker researches LinkedIn before emailing
254. Whaling	Spear phishing specifically targeting senior executives	CEO fraud — fake legal notice to CFO
255. Vishing	Voice phishing where attackers use phone calls or voicemail to trick victims into sharing data or taking action	Fake bank or Amazon call asking for OTPs or card details
256. Smishing	SMS-based phishing that uses text messages to lure victims to malicious links or fake support flows	Delivery-scam text leading to a credential-harvesting page
257. Baiting	Leaving infected USB drives in public hoping someone plugs it in	"Salary Details 2024.pdf" USB in car park
258. Pretexting	Creating a believable fake scenario to extract information	Fake survey calling employees for "IT audit"
259. Tailgating	Physically following someone through secured door	Delivery person following employee through badge door
260. Shoulder Surfing	Watching target type credentials or view sensitive data	Watching PIN at ATM or café
261. Dumpster Diving	Going through trash to find sensitive discarded documents	Company invoices, org charts, access codes
262. Impersonation	Pretending to be someone else to gain access or information	Fake IT support badge
263. Quid Pro Quo	Offering something in exchange for information	"We'll fix your PC if you give us your login"
264. Scareware	Fraud technique that uses alarming fake warnings to pressure the victim into unsafe action or payment.	Fake support alert claiming the PC has dozens of viruses
265. Clickjacking	Tricks user into clicking hidden elements on a webpage	Invisible button over "Play" loads malware
266. Deepfake Attack	AI-generated fake audio/video used for social engineering	Deepfake CEO voice authorising wire transfer
267. BEC	Business Email Compromise where attackers impersonate trusted executives or partners to trigger fraudulent payments or disclosures.	Fake CEO email instructing finance staff to send an urgent wire transfer
268. Identity Theft	Stealing personal info to impersonate victim	Tax fraud, credit card fraud
269. Insider Attack	Employee intentionally harms their own organization	Data theft before resignation
270. Human Error	Accidental security breach by well-meaning staff	Employee emails confidential file to wrong person

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Network and web attacks (271-300)

Point & Concept	Interview Answer	Example / Tool
271. DoS	Single source floods target with traffic causing it to crash	ping -t -l 65500 (simple flood)
272. DDoS	Millions of bots overwhelm target simultaneously	Mirai botnet DDoS on Dyn (2016)
273. SYN Flood	Sends thousands of SYN packets without completing handshake	Fills server's connection table; hping3
274. UDP Flood	Overwhelms server with UDP packets on random ports	UDP amplification attacks
275. ICMP Flood	Denial-of-service attack that overwhelms a target with huge volumes of ICMP echo traffic	Ping flood saturating network bandwidth or CPU on the target
276. Ping of Death	Oversized ICMP packet causes buffer overflow and crash	Classic attack; mostly patched now
277. Smurf Attack	Amplification attack using spoofed ICMP requests to broadcast addresses so many hosts reply to one victim	Spoofed ping to a broadcast network causing every host to flood the victim
278. Fraggle Attack	Same as Smurf but uses UDP instead of ICMP	Targets UDP port 7 (echo)
279. Teardrop Attack	Sends malformed fragmented packets that crash on reassembly	Targets old Windows/Linux kernels
280. HTTP Flood	Layer 7 denial-of-service attack that overwhelms a web service with huge numbers of HTTP requests.	Massive GET or POST traffic that looks similar to legitimate users
281. MITM	Attacker intercepts communication between two parties	arpspoof + ettercap on LAN
282. Session Hijacking	Steals session token to impersonate authenticated user	Firesheep (stole Facebook sessions on WiFi)
283. Replay Attack	Captures and retransmits valid authentication data	Token replay — replay captured JWT
284. ARP Spoofing	Sends fake ARP replies to link attacker's MAC to victim's IP	Enables MITM; arpspoof tool
285. DNS Spoofing	Corrupts DNS cache with fake records to redirect users	Redirects bank.com to attacker's site
286. IP Spoofing	Forging the source IP address in packets to hide origin, impersonate hosts, or enable amplification	DDoS amplification or trust-abuse attacks using a fake source IP
287. MAC Spoofing	Changes device's MAC to bypass MAC filtering	macchanger on Linux
288. Packet Sniffing	Intercepting and examining network traffic to read data, capture credentials, or study sessions	Wireshark or Tcpdump capturing unencrypted traffic on a LAN
289. Evil Twin	Attacker creates fake WiFi AP with same name as legit one	Victim connects → attacker intercepts all traffic
290. Rogue Access Point	Unauthorised WiFi AP connected to corporate network	Employee plugs in personal router
291. SQL Injection	Malicious SQL inserted into input field to manipulate database	' OR 1=1 -- bypasses login; sqlmap
292. XSS	Script injected into webpage that executes in victim's browser	<script>document.cookie</script> steal cookies
293. CSRF	Tricks authenticated user into unknowingly submitting a request	Fake form on attacker's site posts to bank.com
294. Command Injection	Injects OS commands through vulnerable application input	; rm -rf / in filename field
295. Code Injection	Injects and executes arbitrary code in application	PHP: eval($_GET['cmd']) backdoor
296. File Inclusion	Forces application to include malicious remote or local file	LFI: ?page=../../../../etc/passwd
297. Directory Traversal	Navigates to directories outside web root using ../	../../../../etc/shadow
298. Buffer Overflow	Sending more data than buffer can hold overwrites memory	EternalBlue exploits SMB buffer overflow
299. Race Condition	Two processes access shared resource simultaneously causing flaw	TOCTTOU (Time of Check to Time of Use)
300. Zero Day Attack	Exploiting unknown, unpatched vulnerability	Stuxnet (multiple zero-days), Log4Shell